Classification of Literature

CLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of literary productions Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short fib Novel baloney Fable Myth Legends Folk tales raise account Autobiography Diary Hi stage recital News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON PROSE POETRY Form paragraph Verse Language Words and heartbeats of unremarkable and everyday language Metrical, rhythmical, analogical language Appeal agreement EmotionsAim Convince, Inform, Instruct Stirs the pick outers imagination, present an ideal of how life should be and how life can be A. Prose is an ordinary form of written or spoken language without verse or meter, either fiction or nonfiction. Prose is writing that resembles everyday deliverance. The term prose is derived from the Latin word, prosa which literally means straightforward. Prose is adopted for the discussion of facts and topi cal exercise and does not adhere to every concomitant formal structures other than undecomposable grammar. Fictionisthe form of any hi billorinformativework that deals, in p cunning or in whole, with information or events that be not factual, provided rather, imaginarythat is, invented by the actor. 1. Drama is the stage presentation of an action or tier. It is a story in either poetry line or prose to be presented on stage. -a term mainly applied to a compositors case of literature that seeks to present actual life in brief hot form visibly in front of an audience. -a dialogue written for interpretation by several calibers with directions from the author supposeing what the characters do and with directions giving the background or locale of the action.Playwrights atomic number 18drama writers. Types of Drama a. Comedy is shown if man is exultant in the struggle of forces (not necessarily funny). b. Tragedy is shown if man is overcome or defeated by the debate force s (does not necessarily end in violence and death). 2. Short Storyis a brief story vernacularly with one character or 2 and a simple plot. It can be read in a unforesightful span of time. Edgar Allan Poe is the Father of short story and popularized this literary genre. 3. Novel is an invented prose narrative that is usually wide and complex and deals especially with charitable experience through a connected time of events.One example of a novel is fantasy novel which is often set in worlds much una akin from our own and usually includes magic, sorcery, and mythical creature. 4. Tale is an imaginative narrative of an event usually a story of fantasy like folktales, fairy tales and tall tale. -reflects mans desire to know the un cognise. -full of magic, enchantment and unwarranted situations. molar concentrationgh unreal, it is full of sound and practical wisdom that is real and worthwhile. -helps man find solutions to his daily problems by mirroring in the worlds created by his mind. 5.Fableis a story intended to ascertain a lesson or morals in which animals are presented as characters. 6. Myth is an anonymous, traditional story that explains a belief, a custom, or a incomprehensible instinctive phenomenon. -comes from the Greek word muthos, which s insinuate means story. -were created out of human need to bear sense of the unipoesy and explain how the world and its human inhabitants came to be. 7. Legends is a story coming down from the past and narrates the origin of a place, intimacy or object. 8. Folktales is a story that is created by the folkthe common mountainand passed along orally from generation to generation. include legends, fables, tall tales, fairy tales, fairy tales, and ghost stories. -are entertaining stories near ordinary people who survive by luck, by using their wits, and by relying on their own natural goodness. * Nonfiction prose writing that narrates real events. 1. Essay a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a ace message from a limited point of view. -comes from a French word, essai which means an attempt or attempt. -was made popular by a German writer, Michel Eyquiem de Montaigne in 1580. He published two volumes of his short compositions which he called ESSAIS. Francis Bacon, the reputed Father of incline Essay, write formal essays which were cold and objective. Two Major Types a) Formal Essay are usually serious and impersonal in gradation. -they are written to inform or persuade, they are expected to be factual, logical, and tightly organized. -put emphasis on purpose and subject. b) Informal Essay similarly called as Personal Essay. -generally reveal much about the personalities, mood, habits, likes, dislikes and feelings of their authors. -tend to be conversational in tone and looks into personal experiences and observations. . Biography is a story of a persons life narrated or written by some other person. 3. Autobiography is a story of a persons life narrated or written by himself. 4. Diary is a daily record of transactions, observations, and events. -is a type of writing that records daily personal reflections, feelings and 5. archives is a chronological account or record of evidentiary events affecting a nation or institution. 6. Chronicle is a record of a series of events or mere listing of what pop offed. It does not evidence, comments or reactions. 7.Newsis an information about recent and heavy events or developments either printed in newspapers or broadcast by the media. 8. Anecdote a brief and sometimes witty story that focuses on a single provoke incident or event, often in order to make a point or teach a moral lesson. Sometimes an anecdote reveals the character of a famous person. B. Poetry comes from the Greek word poiein, which means to make. -a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of terminology and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imaginations. uses synecdochical language that quickens and stim u new-fashioneds the imagination adds to the raiseiveness of the language exits clearness, force, beauty and memorableness to our ideas. Types of Poetry 1) Dramatic poetry deals with plays in verse and which are performed on stage. a) COMEDY is a play that shows that the hero is victorious against natural or human forces not necessarily funny. congressman Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream b) TRAGEDY an important series of events in the life of a protagonist of high birth or noble status.The coolly related events culminate in a catastrophe in which the protagonist through his actions is brought low. use Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet c) OPERAis a play usually set to music (sung) and with orchestral accompaniment characterized by elaborate costuming, scenery and choreography. Example Giuseppi Verdes Aida d) OPERETTA is a short amusing musical play. ExamplePolished Pebbles 2) Lyric poetryis subjectively and intensely emotional -characterized by its musical quality -comes from the word lyre, a harp-like stringed instrument. the love lyric meter plumbs comes from the abstrusenesss of the human he ruse. -some early Greek lyricists are Archilochus, Callinus, Sappho and Pindar. Examples The Eagle by Alfred Lord Tennyson, Love Poem by TitalLacambra-Ayala a) Ode is elaborate lyric of majestic tone on a serious and dignified theme. It is usually written on a solemn or a exceedingly momentous occasion and addressed in an exalted manner to some object or person. It echoes the emotions or feelings of the people. b) Song is a short lyric poem intended to be sung. Songs may be hallowed or secular, national or personal.Sacred songs include hymns, anthems and religious lyrics. Secular songs may be of any themes, or emotions. c) Sonnet is a lyric of 14 iambic-pentameter lines according to a definite pattern. Two distinctive forms of these type of poetry are i. Italian or Petrarchan sonnet was perfected by Petrarch in the 14th century. It consists of an octet and a sestet with a rhyme scheme abbaabba,cdcdcd or cdecde or cddeee. The octet, which may be descriptive or narrative, leads to reflection or resolution in the sestet. ii. Shakespearian sonneta poem of trine quatrains and a couplet with the rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefgg.The quatrains are so related that they lead to a remarkable statement of thought or conclusion in the last two lines. The sonnet as a form of poetry made its first appearance in the 16th century with the sonnet of Spencer and Sir Philipp Sidney. Shakespeare wrote sonnets on the accepted themes on love and friendship. Of the sonneteers, Wordsworth has been considered the most prolific. Most prominent of the 19th century sonnet writers was Elizabeth Barret Browningwhose Sonnets From the Lusitanian had held great appeal especially to lovers all over the world. ) Elegy is a poem of mournful tone on the theme of death characterized by a marked reflected element. 3) Narrative poetry Narrative poems answer for or relate events. Lyric poems express the poets thoughts and feelings. Dramatic poems set forth life and character by means of speech and action. The followers are examples of narrative poetry a) Epic is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society. Most epics include elements of myth, legend, folklore and history.Most epics heroes undertake quests to achieve something of tremendous value to themselveslike the Gilgameshor to their societylike the hero of Virgils Aenied. Among the worlds greatest epics are the Greek Iliad and Odyssey attributed to Homer and the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf. These epics are called authentical epics having sprung as they were from the people and having no known author. b) Ballad a song or songlike poem that tells a story. Most ballads have a regular pattern of rhythm and rhyme and use simple language and refrains as well as other kinds of repetition.Ballads usually tell sensat ional stories of tragedy, adventure, betrayal, revenge, and jealousy. c) Metrical tale is a short narrative verse intended to be read in one setting. Its subject matter is drawn from life and may deal with any subject matter and any conformation of people. Chaucers Canterbury Tales falls under this category. d) Metrical Romance is a long, rambling love story in verse which appeals to the sense of the marvelous. It is largely concerned with the adventures and exploits of brave knights, romantic love, deeds of chivalry and religious pursuits.The characters and events are far removed from reality, often passing into the realm of the purely fantastic. The Arthurian tales are the trump known of the metrical romance of the middle ages. FIGURES OF SPEECH Figure of speechisthe use of awordor voice communicationdiverging from its usual meaning. It can also be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or aphrasewith a specialized meaning not based on the l iteral meaning of the words in it. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, trinket of expression, or clarity.However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity amidst literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called arhetorical figure, figurative languageor a locution. Figures of speech provoke a thought process and bring depth to the language. To be able to use them well is an art, which can be mastered over time. The to a greater extent you read, the more you allow be able to understand. With the help of the following figures of speech examples, you too can master the art of using them appropriately.The following figures of speech are commonly used 1. Simile a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly contrary things by using a joining word such as like, as, than or resembles. Examplesa full moon like an accusing seem skinas white as snowflakes an actors hand opening more grace fully than a unfold cloudsresembling stuffed animals 2. Metaphor a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things without using any connective words. Direct metaphor states that one thing is another. The starts are icy diamonds -Hewas a lion in the battlefield. Implied like against her black formal gown, she wore a constellation of diamonds which implies a comparison between diamonds and stars and between the black gown and a night sky. 3. Metonymy is the use of an attribute of an object or of something closely associated it to represent that object. ExamplesThe counsel to the defendant addressed the bench. The pen is mightier that the sword. 4. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that substitutes a significant part of something for the thing itself.Examples50 heads of cattle (head is used to mean whole animal) The presidents administration contained the best brains in the country (brains is used for intellectually brilliant persons) 5. Personification a kind of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human. In poetry, personification invites the endorser to view the world as if natural and inanimate objects possess the same feelings, qualities and souls that people do. Exampleshands of a clock, an angry sky, a tree that looks at God all day 6.Hyperbole a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express a strong sentiment or create a comic effect aimed at either. -also called as overstatement or exaggeration. -often used to capture a sense of intensity or to emphasize the essential nature of something. Example sweating to death in a stuffy room (hyperbole is used to express extreme discomfort) 7. Paradox an apparently self-contradictory but is actually true or statement or sentiment that appears contradictory to common sense yet is true in fact. Example she killed him with kindness, a well-known secret agent, 8.Oxymoroncombination of two seemingly contradictory or incongruous words. Examples apt fool, deafening silence, cruel love, a strippers dressing room 9. jeering a contrast or variableness between expectations and realitybetween what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected and what really happens, between what appears to be true and what is really true. Irony in literature falls into triple major categories a. Verbal Ironyoccurs when a writer or speaker says one thing but really means the opposite.Example When you tell a friend who shows up an hour late for an appointment, I just love being unbroken waiting in the rain. b. Situational Irony occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. Example In Greek mythology, when Zeus falls in love with a mortal woman named Semele. Zeus promised to give her anything she wants. To his dismay, she wants to see him in his true form as the Lord of Heaven. Zeus reluctantly agrees, and he ruin her to death. c. Dramatic Irony occurs when the audience or reader knows some thing important that a character in the story or play doesnt know.It can heighten a comic effect or bewilder suspense. Example In Oedipus Rex, when the Corinthian messenger tells Oedipus that the king of Corinth has died of natural causes, Oedipus believes he has been released from the prophecy that he will murder his father. The audience, however, knows that the truth has yet to come to light. 10. Alliteration refers to the repetition of any particular sound among words placed close together, in a sentence or line. These are mainly consonant sounds, but can be vowel sounds too. ExampleDont delay dawns disarming display. Dusk demands daylight. Saras seven sisters slept soundly in sand. 1. Apostrophea figure of speech in which a speaker flat addresses an absent or dead person, a deity, and abstract quality, or something nonhuman as if it were present and overt of responding. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation O. Examples of apostrophe are ExamplesO Romeo, Romeo Wherefore art thou Romeo? Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, That I am meek and gentle with these butchers Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. 2. Onomatopoeiathisfigure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the objects or actions. ExamplesThebuzzingof bees. The birrof the washing machine. Clap, squish, snort, and whine VERSIFICATION Versification is the art of making verse. It is based on the principles of prosody (theory of which versification is the practice. Verse is the language in which the recurrent elements of rhythm exhibit patterns that can be identified and measured. Basis of Verse in English 1. Accent or Stress in all words of more than one syllable, one syllable is articulate with stress more than the others.This emphasis is a combination of pitch, duration, loudness and timbre (accent or stress). Two kinds of syllables s how and unemphatic 2. Foot a metricalunit composed of stressed and light syllables. Four kinds of feet a. iamb or Iambic refers to one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example aBOVE / / / / / / / The falling out of faithful friends, renewing is of love b. Trochee or Trochaic refers to one stressed syllable followed one unstressed syllable. Example Apple / / / / Double, double toil and trouble c. Anapest or Anapestic refers to two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Example unconcerned / / / I am monarch of all I survey d. Dactyl or Dactylic refers to one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. This is the black eye of anapestic. Example TENderly / / Take her up tenderly 3. Meter refers to a measure or copy count of a poetic line. -the number of feet in a line. The number of metrical feet in a line is described as follows * Monometer one foot * Dimeter two feet Trimeter three feet * Tetrameter four feet * Pentameter five feet * Hexameter hexad feet * Heptameter seven feet * Octameter eight feet 4. Stanza group of lines of fixed number, meter and rhyme pattern, repeated throughout the poem. Some of themore usual stanza forms are a. Couplet two lines, usually rhyming b. Triplet a unit of three lines of verse c. Quatrain a unit of four lines of verse d. Quintet a unit of five lines of verse e. sixer or sestet a unit of six lines of verse f. Rhyme royale or Chaucerian stanza consists of seven iambic pentameter lines with the rhyme abc bb cc. . Spencerian stanza consists of eight iambic pentameter and an Alexandrine (an iambic hexameter line). h. Blank verse iambic pentameter lines without rhymes. i. Free verse is a verse free of the essentials of rhyme and meter. Rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Scansiondescribing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and count ing the syllables. Thus, when we describe the rhythm of a poem, we examine the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress () and count the number of feet.The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeares Sonnet 73 shows the following accents and divisions into feet (note the following words were split behold, yellow, upon, against, ruind) / / / / / That time of year thou mayst in me be hold / / / / / When yel low leaves, or none, or few, do hang / / / / / Up on those boughs which shake a gainst the cold, / / / / / Bare ru ind choirs where late the sweet birds sang From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one un emphasize syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We also see there are five feet per line, making the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter is iambic pentameter. 5. Sound refers to the sensation preserved by the sense of hea ring.In poetry, there are three forms of sound as follows Rhyme this is the matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. There are four types of rhyme a. End Rhyme when the corresponding sounds happen at the ends of line. b. Internal Rhyme when the corresponding sounds happen within lines. c. Exact or perfect rhyme the rhyming words share corresponding sounds, stresses and similar number of syllables. d. Imperfect or slant rhyme the rhyming words do not exactly share corresponding sounds. 6. Imagery refers to the specific exposit that stimulate senses or the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling or idea. Images can either be one of the following a. Visual Image it is something seen b.Aural Image it is something heard c. Tactile Image it is something matt-up d. Olfactory Image it is something smelled e. Gustatory Image it is something tasted f. Metaphorical or Symbolic Image this suggests an idea or feeling beyond what a given image literally im age describes. 7. Diction means alternative of words in reference to their effectiveness, clearness or correctness. However, it is also important to know what these words imply or indicate. There are two types of getting meanings, that is, either denotation or connotation. Denotation is also known as the dictionary meaning while connotation refers to a meaning apart from the thing explicitly suggests or describes.