Cardiovascular Review Supplement

6 Histology Review improver cardiovascular Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Atlas. shoot on the white Sort By drop-d receive menu and select Histology Review from the list. extend to to the slides in the Cardiovascular Tissue Slides folder as you complete this worksheet. Which dowery of the intercalated disc is a junction that cans the intercellular communication requi inflammation for the myocardium to effect as a operative syncytium? Gap junctions center The effect is a four-chambered muscular pump.Although its w on the whole offer be divided into three perspicuous histological layers (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), the cardiac sinew-builder of the myocardium composes the bulk of the marrow wall. channel Vessels Blood vass form a placement of conduits through which lifesustaining personal line of credit is conveyed from the tone to all get goings of the body and prickle to the tinder again. Generally, the wall of e very(pre nominal) vessel is described as being composed of three layers, or tunics. The tunic intima, or tunic interna, a simple squamous endothelium and a small tote up of subjacent loose connective create from raw stuff paper, is the innermost layer adjacent to the vessel lumen.Smooth muscle and elastin ar the predominant constituents of the middle adventitia media, and the outermost tunica adventitia, or tunica externa, is a connective tissue layer of protean thickness that provides support and transmits smaller riptide and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The thickness of individually tunic varies widely with location and function of the vessel. Arteries, subjected to considerable pressure fluctuations, require thicker walls overall, with the tunica media being thicker than the tunica adventitia.Read Renal System Physiology PhysioexVeins, in contrast, are subjected to much lower pressures and befuddle thinner walls overall, with the tunica adventitia often outsizing the tunica me dia. Because thinwalled veins conduct telephone circuit back to the centre against gravity, valves (not demonstrate in arteries) also are consecrate at musical intervals to prevent back lessen. In capillaries, where exchange occurs between the blood and tissues, the tunica intima al sensation composes the vessel wall. The tunica media of the aorta would call for a much extensiveer proportion of what type of tissue than a small artery?Elastic fibers In general, which vessel would have a large lumen, an artery or its corresponding vein? Click slide 1. Contractile cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, myofibers) have the same striated sort as penniless muscle, but are branched rather than rounded in shape and have one (occasionally two) nucleus (myonucleus) rather than many. The cytoplasmic striations represent the same organization of myofilaments (sarcomeres) and alignment of sarcomeres as in skeletal muscle, and the mechanism of abbreviation is the same. The intercalated disc, however, is a feature alone(p) to cardiac muscle.The Cardiovascular SystemThe densely stained structure is a complex of intercellular junctions (desmosomes, crevice junctions, fasciae adherens) that structurally and functionally link cardiac muscle cells end to end. A second population of cells in the myocardium composes the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system (nodal system). Although cardiac muscle is autorhythmic, meaning it has the ability to contract involuntarily in the absence of extrinsic innervation provided by the nervous system, it is the intrinsic conduction system that prescribes the rate and orderly sequence of contraction. Extrinsic innervation only modulates the ingrained activity.Click slide 2. Of the various components of the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system, Purkinje fibers are the most adept away observed histologically. They are particularly abundant in the ventricular myocardium and are recognized by their very pale-staining cytoplasm and larger diameter. The connective tissue component of cardiac muscle is congenatorly sparse and lacks the organization present in skeletal muscle. Which component of the intercalated disc is a strong intercellular junction that functions to keep cells from being pulled apart during contraction? Desmosomes What is a functional syncytium?cardiac muscle cell are mechanically, chemically and electrically connected to one another wherefore would the tunica media and tunica adventitia not be present in a capillary vessel? The capillaries are very thin and have only room for layer of endothelial tissue, in the form of tunica intimaR E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T EXERCISE 31 Print FormConduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography The Intrinsic Conduction System1. sway the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order, starting from the SA client.SA node artioventricular node artioventricular bundle bundle branches purkinje fibers artioventricular node At what structure in the contagious disease sequence is the impulse temporarily delayed? Why? because it ensures that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before they contract.2. Even though cardiac muscle has an indispensable ability to dodge, the nodal system plays a critical role in heart physiology. What is that role? generate action potential at a greater frequency than other cardiac muscle cells. They are the pace m the heart. It sets the heart rate under normal circumstances. Electrocardiography3. bushel ECG. The graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle4. Draw an ECG prosper form representing one heartbeat. Label the P, QRS, and T waves the PR interval the ST segment, and the QT interval. R S T P T Q P-R interval S Q-T interval5. Why does heart rate increase during running? The heart must beat faster and harder in order to deliver the larger amount of blood to muscles being used when running. 2076. Describe what happ ens in the cardiac cycle in the following situations. . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. straight off before the P wave during the P wave heart is in diastole depolarization of ventricles contraction of atria immediately after the P wave (PR segment) during the QRS wave depolarization of ventricles contraction of ventricles immediately after the QRS wave (ST interval) during the T wave repolarization of ventricles7. Define the following terms. 1. 2. 3. tachycardia bradycardia fibrillation a heart rate over 100 shell/min a heart rate below 60 beat out/min rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that makes heart useless as a pump ventricular fibrillation8. Which would be more serious, atrial or ventricular fibrillation? Why? when heart is in V-fib you are dead unless it mickle be shocked back into rhythm with atrial fibrillation9. Abnormalities of heart valves sewer be detected more accurately by auscultation than by electrocardiography. Why is this so? Abnormal heart valves cause extra heart sound s that can be heard with stethoscope. EEG just measures electrical activity in the heart. It doesnt show how the valve works.208 Review public opinion poll 31R E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T EXERCISEAnatomy of the Heart Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart1. An anterior view of the heart is shown here. contain each structure listed on the remaining with the correct letter in the figure. G J R U B K D N A 1. remunerate atrium2. right ventricle3. leftfield atrium c a b o4. left ventricle5. superior vena cava6. inferior vena cava7. wage increase aorta8. aortic arch9. brachiocephalic artery10. left common carotid artery11. left subclavian artery12. pulmonic trunk13. right pulmonary artery14. left pulmonary artery15. ligamentum arteriosum16. ight pulmonary veins17. left pulmonary veins18. right coronary thrombosis artery19. anterior cardiac vein T S W X V20. left coronary artery21. circumflex artery22. anterior interventricular artery23. apex of heart24. great cardiac veinWhat is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac? environment. It allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless 3. Match the terms in the key to the descriptions provided below.F A H E A G B D G C1. location of the heart in the thorax2. superior heart chambers3. nferior heart chambers4. visceral pericardium5. anterooms of the heart6. equals cardiac muscle7. provide nutrient blood to the heart muscle8. lining of the heart chambers9. actual pumps of the heart10. drains blood into the right atriumKey a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. atria coronary arteries coronary sinus endocardium epicardium mediastinum myocardium ventricles4. What is the function of the valves found in the heart? Prevents back watercourse of blood5. What is the role of the chordae tendineae? enforce a one way blood flow through the heart chambersTheir called heart strings, and anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls Pulmonary, Systemic, and Cardiac Circulations6. A simple schematic of a so-called genera l circulation is shown below. What part of the circulation is missing from this diagram? Pulmonary circulation Add to the diagram as beat out you can to make it depict a complete systemic/pulmonary circulation. Label the systemic and pulmonary circulations. pulmonary ve heart pulmonary pulmonary Heart Systemic arteries Systemic capillaries Systemic veins systemic 202 Review poll 307.Differentiate clearly between the roles of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Pulmonary circulation is only to provide gas exchange in the lungs The systemic circulation provides the functional blood return to all body tissues8. Complete the following scheme of circulation of a red blood cell in the human body. Right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the semilunar beds of the lungs, to the the biscuspid aorta right ventricle , through the pulmonary arteries pulmonary , to the capillary of the heart, through , through the aortic semilunar of the , and alve to the pulmonary trunk, to the pulm onary veins valve to the , to the left ventricle left atrium valve to the , to the systemic arteries, to the superior vena cava , capillary beds tissues, to the systemic veins, to the coronary sinus cardiac veins inferior vena cava entering the right atrium of the heart. pulmonary circulation9. If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circulation is affected?10. Why superpower a thrombus (blood clot) in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death? I can fell off the blood supply to the heart, resulting in death.Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle11. How would you differentiate the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle? skeletal muscle is long, sylindrical, multinucleated cells has striations. Cardiac muscles branch, striated, uni-mucleated cells that interdigitate at the junctions12. Add the following terms to the photograph of cardiac muscle below. a. intercalated disc b. nucleus of cardiac fiber c. striations d. cardiac muscle fiber interca Describe the unique anatomical features of cardiac muscle. What role does the unique structure of cardiac muscle play in its function?The intercalated discs have 2 important functions striatio nucleu1) holds the myocytes together so they dont part w heart contracts.2) allows an electrical connection between the cells, which is vital to the function of cardia the heart as a whole.Also has many mitochondria that provide energy required for contraction. 203 Review Sheet 30 Dissection of the Sheep Heart13. During the sheep heart dissection, you were asked initially to identify the right and left ventricles without deletion into the heart. During this procedure, what differences did you observe between the two chambers? eft ventricle was thick and solid, and the right was thinner and easily moved and flabby When you measured thickness of ventricular walls, was the right or left ventricle thicker? left ventricle wise to(p) that structure and function are re lated, how would you say this structural difference reflects the relative functions of these two heart chambers? Theres a greater demand on the longer systemic circulation and has a higher resistance than the pulmonary circulation14. lunate valves prevent backflow into the atria ventricles AV valves prevent backflow into the Using your own observations, explain how the operation of the semilunar valves the mitral valve allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into left ventricle differs from that of the AV valves. tricuspid valve stops back flow of blood between th two. The semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the but prevent back flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.15. differentiate and contrast the structure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. has 3 flapped valve. the mitral valve contains 2 flaps, tricuspi16.Two remnants of fetal structures are observable in the heartthe ligamentum arteriosum and the perdition ovalis. What were they called in the fetal heart, where was each located, and what common purpose did they serve as functioning fetal structures? ligamentum arteriosm- called ducts arterious in fetal heart. located between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch In adults ligament there now. Allows blood to flow from pulmonary trunk to systemic circulation.17. Fossa Ovaliscalled foramen ovale in fetal heart, located on right atrium wall and wall of right ventricle.Allowed blood to enter 204 Review Sheet 30